static keyword

Values are stored at class level and not at instance level. You have to initialize static variable outside the class in order to reserve the memory.

class C {
    static int i;
    static int j;
}

// Initialize the two static variables (with or without a value)
// Should be put at the top of the declaration (.cpp) file
int C::i = 1;
int C::j;

Note: If you declare a global i after static variables init, you can acceess it with ::i. Example:

int i = 20
int C::i = 10;
int C::j = 5;

int g = C::j + ::i; // g = 25
int p = C::j + i;   // p = 15

/!\ Static method can only use static declarations.

const keyword

Cannot be modified : attempt to do so directly is a compile-time error. Modifing it indirectly (modifying const obj through ref or pointer to non const-type) results in undefined behavior.

A const need to be defined when declared aka const int x = 5; // without = 5 this will not compile

volatile keyword

Volatile is a hint to the implementation to avoid aggressive optimization involving the object because the value of the object might be changed by means undetectable by an implementation.

mutable keyword

Permits modification of the class member declared mutable even if the containing object is declared const.

inline keyword

All functions declared inside the class/struct/union definition (.h) is an inline function like so :

class A
{
public:
    inline int test() // redundant use of inline
    {
        // this function is automatically inline
        // function body
    }
};

Inline functions declaration can also be declared inside the .h but outside the class definition. But you need to also declare the signature of this function inside the class definition. An example of this:

class A
{
public:
    int test(); // declare the function
};

inline int A::test() // use inline prefix
{
}

#define

arguments

constructors

class

You can create instances of a classe either

  • statically (Use class name as a type) MyClass myClass;
  • dynamically (Use operator new followed by the class name and optionally arguments between parentheses) MyClass myClass = new MyClass(arg1, arg2);

Storage class specifiers

  • auto: automatic storage duration.

  • register: pareil que auto + hint compiler to place obj in processor’s register.
  • static: static or thread storage duration and internal linkage
  • extern: same as static except external linkage
  • thread_local: thread storage duration
  • mutage: does not affect storage duration or linkage. (const/votatile)

Possible linkages

  • no linkage : Can be referred only from the scope it is in.
    Contains: basic property when declaring local variables + member functions not declared extern. Just like typedefs, enumerations, and enumerators declared in the block scope.

  • internal linkage: Can be referred to from all scopes in the current translation unit.
    Contains: static variables, functions, or function templates. Non-volatile const variables (also constexpr) not declare extern. All names in unnamed namespace.

  • external linkage: Can be referred to from the scopes in the other translation units.
    Contains: variables not list above. Enumerations. Names of classes, members function, static data members. Names of all templates not listed above.

external

Basically, extern is a keyword in C++ language that tells to the compiler that definition of a particular variable is exists elsewhere. The counter part of extern is static which tells the variables is only visible to that file/class (depending on where it is declared).

void

pointers to void and functions returning type void (procedures in other languages) are permitted. Like so

void* ptr;          // void pointer
ptr = fct;          // Store a void function in this pointer
((void(*)())ptr)(); // Call the function pointed

void fct () {
  ...
}

This can be used to mask the original pointer value :

 int n = 1;
 int* p1 = &n;
 void* pv = p1;
 int* p2 = static_cast<int*>(pv);
 std::cout << *p2 << '\n';            // prints 1

Tips

string* a, b; : only a is a string pointer. b is only a string. string* a, *b; : both a and b are string pointers.